In this paper, T. Paul Schultz summarizes recent research and it's limitations in order to assess the private and social rates of return to human capital investments in women and men. He examines relative investments in education, health, and nutritions of women and men, as well as effects of traditional social roles of men and women. Trend in education and health, and changes in the role of women profoundly affect not only women's earning power in relation to that of men, but also their mortality and fertility. Dr. Schultz hypothesizes that they are most likely imbedded in the family decision-making process that attaches less value to the productivity of daughters than to that of sons.